Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes
Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) is a type of diabetes that is most common in people with cystic fibrosis. While both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can occur in people with cystic fibrosis, CFRD is a unique condition that shares features of both, but there are differences in how it develops and is treated.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that affects the lungs, pancreas, and other organs by producing thick, sticky mucus that leads to symptoms like breathing difficulties and digestive problems. In people with cystic fibrosis, this buildup of mucus can damage the pancreas, affecting its ability to produce insulin and leading to CFRD.
Causes of Cystic Fibrosis-Related Diabetes
The thick, sticky mucus caused by cystic fibrosis leads to inflammation and scarring in the pancreas, which damages the insulin-producing cells. Over time, this reduces the body’s ability to produce enough insulin, leading to high blood sugar levels and the development of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes.
Symptoms of CFRD
Many people with CFRD are diagnosed before symptoms appear, thanks to regular diabetes screenings that are part of ongoing cystic fibrosis care. However, if symptoms do develop, they may include:
- Frequent chest infections
- Weight loss
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Feeling more tired than usual
If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to contact your healthcare team right away for screening and treatment.
Diagnosing CFRD
CFRD is diagnosed through screening, typically using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) or an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Regular screenings help catch CFRD early, even before symptoms develop, which is crucial for managing the condition effectively.
Treatment for CFRD
There are several ways to manage cystic fibrosis-related diabetes:
Diet
People with CFRD often continue with a high-calorie, high-protein, and high-fat diet to maintain a healthy weight, as cystic fibrosis requires more energy to fight infections and keep the lungs functioning. A specialist cystic fibrosis dietitian can tailor dietary advice based on individual needs.
Insulin
Insulin injections are commonly used to manage CFRD. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar levels, which is important to avoid further complications.
Physical Activity
Staying active has many benefits for people with CFRD. Regular physical activity helps improve lung function, control blood sugar levels, and maintain overall health. Your physiotherapist or healthcare team can advise you on suitable exercises.
Complications of CFRD
If not managed well, CFRD can lead to complications similar to those seen in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, such as:
- Retinopathy (eye problems)
- Neuropathy (nerve damage)
To prevent these complications, it’s important to keep your blood sugar, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels within the target range recommended by your healthcare team.
Support and Care for CFRD
Living with cystic fibrosis-related diabetes can be challenging, but there is a lot of support available. Your healthcare team, including dietitians and physiotherapists, will work with you to manage both cystic fibrosis and CFRD. In Kenya, accessing the right care and support is critical for managing CFRD and living a healthy life.